The presence of surfactant, however, can decrease the conductivity of the films [47]. The cores cannot penetrate each other, but core and shells can overlap. Qi et al then produced polymer blends where poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was incorporated in the graphene/PS composite. We then review recent results on the electrical properties of graphene-based composites, summarising the reported composite conductivities as a function of fabrication method and graphene type (these results are generally post-2010, with results before then covered in previous reviews [15, 16]). The average size of GO sheets was in the order of several micrometers, rendering them with very large aspect ratios. In practice, however, the low yield of mechanically exfoliated graphene has greatly limited its applications. This is a result of the ideal composite architecture of perfectly oriented graphene layers with no crumpling or rolling of the graphene. Next, the theoretical aspects of electrical percolation are presented. As an example, Wang et al [147] recently reported the synthesis of graphene aerogels (GAs) through one-step chemical reduction and rational self-assembly of GO sheets using hydroiodic (HI) acid, followed by freeze-drying and vacuum-assisted epoxy infiltration (as shown in figure 6(c)). The resulting materials displayed significantly improved electrical properties in the alignment direction, yielding a percolation threshold of 0.12 vol.%. The conductivity takes the average value of ten samples. However, the maximum conductivity achieved with TRGO materials is about ten times lower than that of the equivalent CNT-based composites. Macromolecules 2008, 41: 7090–7097. The promise here lies in greater nanoscale control from deliberate structuring of the composites. For example, Zhang et al filled PET with graphene and graphite and measured the percolation threshold for each filler [56]. The temperature dependence of the resistance R(T), as depicted in figure 3(b), fits well with equation (4) below the liquid nitrogen temperature, consistently with 2D-VRH model (\gamma = 1/3). 10.1021/ja01539a017. Figure 7(a) shows that the composite had a percolation threshold of 1.75 vol%, and (b) shows that a composite with 7.9 vol% loading had a gauge factor of 350 at low strain. Yes, A J Marsden et al 2018 2D Mater. There is a strong relationship between the structure of rGO and its electrical conductivity. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.03.005, Cheng X, Tjong SC, Zhao Q, Li RKY: Facile method to prepare monodispersed Ag/polystyrene composite microspheres and their properties. Tunnelling transport has been directly observed in a carbon-nanofiber polymer composite using conductive-tip atomic force microscopy [53]. The conductivities of the composites in the direction of alignment were 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than that along the transverse direction as seen in figure 6(b). This can also be seen by modelling the voltage drop that occurs through the network as it is strained: figure 7(g) shows how the voltage drop is more pronounced as the material is strained because fewer conductive paths are available [162]. For example, natural rubber (NR) latex nanocomposites have been reinforced with TRGO materials, and show electrical percolation at 3 phr, with measured conductivities around 10−4 S m−1 [107]. (g) Inkjet printing liquid-exfoliated graphene offers good conductivities without aggressive treatments (adapted from [33] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry). Appl Phys Lett 2008, 92: 082902. Abstract views reflect the number of visits to the article landing page. In this respect, fillers of nanometer dimensions are added to polymers to enhance their mechanical and physical performances [7–10]. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. We investigated thermal properties of the epoxy-based composites with the high loading fraction—up to f ≈ 45 vol %—of the randomly oriented electrically conductive graphene fillers and electrically insulating boron nitride fillers. (d) Nitrogen-doped TRGO yields a slightly higher conductivity (and slightly lower percolation threshold) than TRGO without nitrogen doping (adapted from [105], John Wiley & Sons, copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim). Qi et al prepared conductive graphene/polystyrene composites by solution mixing and reached percolation at a graphene content of 0.33 vol% [79] (figure 4(c)). The hard core takes the dimensions of the physical graphene sheet, and the soft shell extends a few nanometres around the core to represent the tunnelling distance of the electrons. As the filler content is increased to the percolation threshold, a conductive network begins to form. A graphene-TPU mixture was freeze dried to give a structure with 90% porosity and a low density of 0.11 g cm−3 [164]. It is found that only 0.5 vol.% SRG doping will increase the dielectric constant of the material from 7 to about 105, while keeping the conductivity at a low level. The obtained fibrous SRG/PVDF mixture was vacuum filtrated and dried and finally hot-pressed into thin sheets of approximately 1 mm thick. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about Zener effect in graphene/polymer composite. The composite exhibits a much stronger nonlinear conduction behavior compared with the polymer composites with carbon nanotubes/nanofibers [50]. However, solution-based techniques, which can produce the volumes required, tend to produce material with lower conductivity. California Privacy Statement, However, a key limitation of CVD graphene is that growth on metal substrates is still the most dominant route, and transferring graphene from these substrates brings significant challenges [23]. The highest conducting graphene (that which has been mechanically exfoliated) cannot be produced in quantities needed for polymer fillers. At no loading, the polymer is insulating, and remains insulating while the loadings are low. However, how the resistance of a less conductive filler, such as GO, could affect the overall network resistance has been less comprehensively studied. Figure 4a shows the frequency dependency of the dielectric constant (εr) of the SRG/PVDF composites. Express Polym Lett 2012, 6: 283–292. Part of These treatments are not able to completely remove oxygen from the graphene sheets: the oxygen content of CRGO materials is similar to that of TRGO produced at 400 °C (≈15% oxygen).

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